TASK 4 - NEWMARK TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

BANI MUSTOFA - TRANSLATION 503

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

1. Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

Example           1. My uncle works as supervisor in that company :Pamankubekerjasebagaisupervisordi perusahanity

2. Jack is a master in mathematic : Jack adalahseorang master di matematika.

2. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example          1.jacket           =  jaket

                        2.guitar            = gitar 

3. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example           Lustrajca (polish) : Purification

4. Functional equivalent: Functional Equivalent is a procedure of translation that is usually used to translate cultural words.It requires the use of a culture-free word,sometimes with a new specific term.This procedure, which is a cultural componential analysis, is the most accurateway of translating. This kind of procedures is also used when a SL technical word has no TL equivalent(Newmark, 1988:83

Example            Kusir Delman : Coachman

5. Descriptive equivalent:

in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example          Bika Ambon = the traditional cookies from Ambon, Maluku are made from glutinous rice flour. the taste is sweet.

                         

6. Componential analysis:  

  it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

Example          1.Clean clothes = washed clothes,  through.

                        2.clean water = water you can see

7. Synonymy: 

Synonymy is the translation procedure which is used to translate the word from SL which has no clear one-to-one equivalent in TL, and the word is not important in the text, especially for adjectives or adverbs of quality.This procedure can be used when literal translation is impossible and when the word is not too important for componential analysis. In thiscase the economy is more important than the accuracy (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example          1.pintar = cerdas=pandai

                        2. false = untrue

                        3. huge = enormous

8. Through-translation: 

it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example          1. ILO ; organisasi buruh internasional

                        2. UNICEF: badan perlindungan anak terlantar internasional

9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example          lending bank : bank yang memberikan pinjaman

10. Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Example          environment degradation = penurunan mutu lingkungan.

11. Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example         DPR = Indonesia Legislative Assembly

12. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

Example          Break time : waktu untuk beristirahat

                        

13. Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example          1. Hypothermia (kondisi dimana tubuh berada dalam suhu rendah dibawah 35 derajat celcius)

14. Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example          Keraton : the enormous palace (where the king and his family lived)

15. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example          Metatext as meta-reflection on the text, i.e. metalingual reflection